Avian Influenza Virus Origins Challenges and Mitigation Strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64229/3cszfq54Keywords:
Avian Influenza, H5N1, Fowl Plague, Poultry Health, Zoonosis, One Health, Viral EvolutionAbstract
Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), historically known as "fowl plague," represents a persistent and evolving threat to global poultry health, economic stability, and human public health. This review article synthesizes the current understanding of AIV, tracing its scientific journey from a mysterious disease to a well-characterized Orthomyxovirus. We delve into the molecular virology of AIV, focusing on the critical roles of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins and the distinction between Low Pathogenic (LPAI) and High Pathogenic (HPAI) strains. The historical emergence of HPAI from LPAI precursors in domestic poultry is explored as a key event in the virus's ecology. The article thoroughly examines the drivers of AIV persistence and spread, including wild bird migration, intensive poultry production systems, and viral reassortment. A significant portion is dedicated to the zoonotic potential of AIV, analyzing past pandemics and the ongoing risk of strains like H5N1 and H7N9 adapting for efficient human-to-human transmission. Furthermore, we critically assess the socioeconomic impacts on smallholder farmers and the ethical dimensions of mass culling. Looking forward, we discuss future challenges posed by viral evolution, climate change, and agricultural intensification. Finally, the article proposes a holistic framework for mitigation, integrating advanced surveillance, improved biosecurity, vaccine development, and the critical "One Health" approach that connects animal, human, and environmental health. The conclusion underscores that effective, long-term control of AIV requires a coordinated, transnational effort grounded in robust science and equitable resource sharing.
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